Year: 2025 | Month: July | Volume: 15 | Issue: 7 | Pages: 135-144
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20250716
Pandemic Puzzles: The Evolution and Impact of Monkeypox
Sivaranjani E1, Sowmya C2, Gowtham K3, Jasmine S Sundar4, Kalpana S5, Valarmathi S6, Srinivas G7
Department of Epidemiology, The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R Medical University
Corresponding Author: Sivaranjani E
ABSTRACT
Monkeypox virus (MPXV), belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the poxviridae family, was first identified in 1958 following outbreaks in monkey colonies. The first human case was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. MPXV is a double-stranded DNA virus with a genome size of 197kb, and it presents with symptoms such as fever, muscle aches, lymphadenopathy, and characteristic rashes. Rodents and primates suspected as potential reservoirs, particularly in endemic regions such as Central and West Africa. Transmission can occur through contact with bodily fluids, skin lesions, or respiratory droplets of infected animals directly or indirectly via contaminated fomites. Furthermore, important environmental factors influencing transmission are host density and mobility patterns. There are multiple routes of transmission for the monkeypox virus all of which involve direct contact with infected humans or animals. Epidemiological data show a male predominance in recent outbreaks, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM). The 2022 outbreak led to the declaration of monkeypox as a public health emergency of international concern by the WHO, which was lifted in 2023, though cases continue to be reported globally. The virus progresses through incubation, prodrome and encephalitis. Prevention strategies include vaccination, with the JYNNEOS (Imvamune/Imvanex) vaccine proving effective in both pre- and post-exposure scenarios. There is no specific antiviral treatment for monkey pox; however supportive care and antivirals such as tecovirimat may be considered in severe cases. Control measures emphasize early detection, public awareness, and vaccination of high-risk population. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and preventive strategies for monkeypox, highlighting the importance of continued vigilance and research to combat this emerging public health threat.
Key words: MPXV, Zoonotic disease, Vaccination, Public Health, Epidemiology