Year: 2025 | Month: January | Volume: 15 | Issue: 1 | Pages: 150-170
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20250120
Effectiveness of Surveillance Systems in Combating Anthrax Outbreaks in Africa: A Systematic Review
Gift Hapenga1, Eustarckio Kazonga1,2, Ishbak Chimfwembe1, Chongo Chuswe1, Matongo Hasalama1, Luyando Hakanyanga1, Bescar Chinza1, Novan Tembo2
1School of Postgraduate Studies, University of Lusaka, Zambia
2Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Lusaka, Lusaka, Zambia
Corresponding Author: Gift Hapenga
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Anthrax outbreaks remain a recurring public health concern in Africa, posing threats to both human and animal populations. The objective of the systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of surveillance systems in combating anthrax outbreaks in the region.
Methods and materials: The review covers a period from 2014 to 2024, focusing on key factors such as epidemiological surveillance, intersectoral collaboration, and outbreak response strategies. The literature search identified 29 peer-reviewed articles, including case control, cross-sectional, qualitative inquiries and legislative documents, providing insights into the strengths and weaknesses of existing surveillance systems.
Results: The review emphasizes the importance of integrated surveillance systems that bridge human, animal, and environmental health sectors for comprehensive monitoring and risk management. Several challenges were identified, such as technical shortcomings in sectoral surveillance, inadequate funding for integrated surveillance, and fragmented governance structures. The lack of coordination between different programs and limited collaboration hindered the efficiency of surveillance efforts. Case studies from Burkina Faso, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, and Kenya highlight the varying approaches and outcomes in combating anthrax outbreaks. While some regions demonstrated effective surveillance through electronic Integrated Disease Surveillance Response (e-IDSR) systems, others faced obstacles with paper-based systems and insufficient resources.
Conclusion: In conclusion, this systematic review underscores the need for enhanced surveillance capacities, intersectoral collaboration, and resource mobilization to effectively combat anthrax outbreaks in Africa. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, health authorities, and other stakeholders involved in anthrax prevention and control efforts.
Key words: Surveillance, Anthrax, Awareness, Outbreaks, Multisectoral